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A Notable Bicentennial
by Jack Kittredge
A Washington Post article last week by George Will noted the 200th birthday yesterday of the Erie Canal. That waterway was a wonder of its time and had a major influence on shaping Massachusetts agriculture. It is a fascinating story.
A highly sophisticated engineering project (the longest previous US canal was only one-thirteenth as long) the canal included 18 aqueducts and 83 locks for managing 675 feet of changes in water elevation. It was dug before power equipment was imagined, by human labor only, to a width of 40 feet and depth of 4 feet. Begun in 1817 and financed entirely by the state of New York, the project took 8 years and came in ahead of schedule and significantly under budget! A generation before railroads, the 363-mile canal transformed early commerce by traversing New York from Lake Erie to the Hudson River, enabling cargo from the Midwest to travel by boat, via the Great Lakes, from Minnesota to New York City.
Boat travel meant cargo could be loaded once, at the beginning of the journey, and then unloaded once, at the end. It also meant that the horsepower needed to pull a 2-ton load in a cart or wagon could now pull a 50-ton load when in a canalboat. Once built, the cost of shipping a ton of cargo from Buffalo to New York City dropped by over 90%. These striking increases in shipping efficiency had several remarkable results.
Midwestern farms began outcompeting those in New England. Their productive soil yielded far more than rocky New England could. Once their goods were here, prices dropped so much that our farmers could not contend with them on most products; we had to specialize (tobacco, dairy) to stay in business. By 1830 many Eastern farmers had simply abandoned their land (no one would buy it) and moved west. Others took up trades (blacksmithing, woodworking, coopering) and farmed on the side. Some still do that!
Other transit infrastructure was spurred. Projects like the Blackstone Canal (authorized to run from Worcester to Providence in 1823) and the Western Railroad (connecting Boston and Albany in 1841) were undertaken, as well as many smaller canals and railroads linking cities and towns in New England, to recreate the miracles of transport economics that were unfolding in New York.
Urbanization and industrialization increased. Many Massachusetts farmers who found it no longer possible to support themselves on the land moved to work at the new textile mills and factories (in places like Waltham, Lowell, and Holyoke) which were being created using water power from New England’s many rivers and streams. New York City became the country’s dominant commercial and financial center, winning its age-old rivalry with Boston.
When our kids were young and Julie and I were traveling we would sometimes stop for an hour or two and visit some of the locks still maintained at old canal sites along the Mohawk and Hudson Rivers. I could see the kids pointing, studying and understanding these simple and elegant systems using natural forces to raise and lower boats over rises and dips in the land. I loved that they were seeing how humans have solved such problems without using powered machines, just their imaginations.
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