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Who Tamed Cats?
by Jack Kittredge
Last week I spotted our cat Beba, long assumed killed since running off to seek her fortune last Spring, upstairs in our barn – the same spot where she bore previous litters. I was struck with wonder at how animals repeat, salmon-like, their own life story. When a little snooping found her 3 barely-born kittens in an inaccessible box in the barn attic, cat behavior became the subject of our Thanksgiving meal. I vowed to do a little research into felines and their long relationship with man.
Domestic cats (Felis catus) originated from the African wildcat (Felis lybica lybica) currently spread over North Africa and the Near East. Beyond that fact there is a surprising amount of controversy surrounding the furry beasts. The traditional view is that cats were first tamed (if that is what you can call their seeming willingness to allow themselves to be fed and made much of by humans) in Pharaonic Egypt some 3500 years ago. This view is strengthened by writings from about 2800 BCE of a cult of worshippers of Bastet, the Egyptian goddess of fertility and health, who was originally portrayed with the head of a lion but by the first millennium BCE was increasingly depicted with the head of a cat. This cult devotion to cats led, according to historians, to the building of catteries to raise hundreds of thousands of them for sacrifice and sale in mummified form.
But recent research based on excavation of a 9500-year-old site in Cyprus — where cat bones were found buried accompanying a human skeleton — along with many other finds of cat remains in ancient European and Mediterranean farming villages, suggest they were tamed 4000 years before Egypt even existed. Confirmation comes from DNA work. Their mitochondrial genome was of a haplogroup characteristic of domesticated cats and their immediate precursors. This work has since been challenged, however, so it seems we have yet to learn exactly when cats became our friends.
What is clearer, though, is how it happened. As opposed to dog domestication, which was deliberate by humans to embed certain useful traits in the critters, it is believed that cats pretty much tamed themselves. As agriculture developed, humans kept sizeable stockpiles of grain for seed and feed. Mice and rats feasted on it and proliferated. Wild cats were drawn to prey upon these rodents and those which were effective hunters and not fearful about humans thrived under these conditions. Over time this group dominated and passed on the traits which made them successful to their young.
Most of us now keep cats for reasons other than to protect our family grain supply. But we in the small-scale farming business value that very much and would have a more difficult time of it without these fuzzy allies. Though we here feed our cats well, almost every new litter is accompanied by the sudden appearance nearby of a dead songbird or half-eaten mouse, testimony to the mother’s commitment to that contract assumed so many thousands of years ago.
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